This occasional paper examines Balochistan’s struggle for autonomy, from British colonial “Sandemanisation” to its forced 1948 accession to Pakistan. By highlighting the suppression of Kalat’s independence and the exploitation of regional resources, Ray illustrates how systemic marginalisation transformed a secular identity movement into an enduring conflict against centralised state authority.

Deeply rooted in 15th-century missionary history , Kargil has religious and cultural ties with Iran. The recent spontaneous popular response to Ayatollah Khamenei’s death shows the abiding spiritual and political contact between the people of Kargil and Iran.

From strategic drift to a cautious reset, India–Bangladesh ties are entering a new phase after a turbulent period. Tariq Rahman’s leadership is redefining bilateral engagement through pragmatism, balance, and renewed trust.

Cross-border attacks and hostile narratives are deepening mistrust between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Only diplomacy and respect for sovereignty can prevent further conflict.